Pablo Membreno

The plaintiff Pablo Membreno was a citizen of Honduras, who worked as an oiler on the ships owned by Costa Crociere, S. p. A (Costa), which was an Italian company whose headquarters were in Genoa, Italy. Costa fully owned another company Carnival Corporation, panama. Carnival Corporation was operating in Miami, Florida. Costa had no land – based offices in the United States. Membreno was hired on contract by Cruise Ships Catering & Service International, N. V. (CSCS), Netherlands Antilles, to work onboard Costa Atlantica, which began its cruise from Fort Lauderdale, Florida.While the ship was in international waters, Membreno injured his wrist in the course of his work. The plaintiff claimed that despite having reported the matter to the supervisor and the ship’s doctor, he had not been given medical treatment. Five days later, his contract was completed and he disembarked from the ship. In Honduras a surgeon diagnosed Membreno with Kinnock’s disease and recommen ded surgery. Membreno sought a second opinion in Miami from an orthopedic surgeon, who performed surgery on the plaintiff’s wrist.He also received physical therapy. Procedural History: Membreno filed a case in the Southern District Court of Florida seeking redress for his damage. The number of defendants in the case was four but later reduced to two upon a consensus of the parties to the case. Costa and CSCS invoked the doctrine of forum non conveniens to move the court for a dismissal. The district court dismissed the case and Membreno appealed in the Eleventh Circuit Court. Issues legal question:The legal issues raised were whether or not the plaintiff could seek redressal in US courts for an injury that had occurred in international waters, the area of applicability of the Jones Act and the General Maritime Laws and whether such actions could be dismissed on the grounds of forum non conveniens. Broad holding: The Jones Act and the General Maritime Laws apply only within th e territorial waters of the United States and the plaintiff will be precluded from filing suit at the location of a subsidiary company. Narrow holding:The district court rejected the application of the plaintiff seeking redress on the basis that he was injured in the international waters and the Florida company was merely a subsidiary company. Doctrinal Reasoning: In Szumlicz v. Norwegian Am. Line, Inc the court had held that if the laws of the United States were not applicable, then the action should be dismissed on the grounds of forum non conveniens (Szumlicz v Norwegian Am. Line, Inc, 1983). In Lauritzen v. Larsen, the Supreme Court laid down a set of eight factors to be satisfied.These factors are the place of the wrongful act, the national flag under which the ship was sailing, the domicile of the injured party, the dwelling place of the ship owner, the location where the parties had entered into the agreement, the approachability of a foreign forum, the law of the forum and t he place of operations of the ship owner (Lauritzen v. Larsen, 1953 ). In the present case, six conditions had been in the favor of the defendants and as such the defendants had argued that the United States law was not applicable to the plaintiff.Policy Reasoning: The district court had properly interpreted and applied the doctrine of forum non conveniens in this case and the Eleventh Circuit Court upheld the decision of the district court. Miscellaneous: There was no difference of opinion between the presiding judges and the decision was unanimous. References Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U. S. 571 (1953 ). Szumlicz v Norwegian Am. Line, Inc, 698F. 2d 1192 (11th Circuit Court 1983).

Comparative Religions Project Essay Essay

The encounters between the Islam and Christian religions were always violent towards each other. Even from the beginning both of these religions used violence and conversion, making them two religions that wouldn’t mix well. Their first encounters were very aggressive, but Islam with more violence toward Christianity and better connection to the political world had always seemed to come out on top. Then ruling over the Christian believers, they would outlaw certain practices of their religion and give them much higher taxes. Thus forcing many true Christians to converse over to the Islam religion just because they couldn’t take it anymore. In the year 1008 al-Hakim outlawed the celebrations of Palm Sunday, and the following year he ordered that Christians be punished and all their property confiscated. In that same year, he demolished multiple Christian churches all around the city. This was not it, al-Hakim also managed to destroy the Constantinian basilica of the Resurrection in Jerusalem, known as the Holy Sepulcher. Records say that he said in quote: â€Å"to obliterate ant symbol of Christian faith, and provide for the removal of every reliquary and object of veneration.† As Christianity began to spread the stronger and more popular it became. With this religion being North America’s number one, Muslims had a harder time keeping in charge. One thing that didn’t change though was the Islam’s need for violence. As Christianity spread they never stopped trying to sabotage their religion. Now technology starts to play a part in their war for religion, Muslims give up their lives using the violence that has not yet gone away. And not only are these conflicts uprising from where they originally came from, as the religions spread so did the conflict with them. Today there still are existing conflicts between Christianity and Islam, but not as much as there were in history. Muslims don’t have much control over Christians as they used to, now after 9/11 we are more controlling them. Muslims are more keeping their distance away from the Christians not only because this Christianity was growing but also because of things like Hollywood and television. This causes Muslims to stay away because they see them as immoral, corrupt and decadent. Muslim women will say they are wearing their veils as a form of protection and a refusal to be caught up in fashion, which they see as a way of using women. The history of these two religions was not accepting, and both felt the need to use violence and conversion against each other. Both Christianity and Islam felt the need to be number one and have power over the other, or even completely wiping the other religion out. As time continued on so did they, still many conflicts arise and choosing violence and war as the way out. New and more advanced technologies came to be an option for more destruction and the Muslims chose to use them against the Christians who fought back then yet another war has started. The Christians who were pushed around in the beginning, aren’t so vulnerable anymore now that they have become the most common religion all over the world.

Celebrity Privacy

How do you feel about celebrities and their privacy? Can you imagine being watched by reporters everyday of your life? Once celebrities reach a certain level of fame, their private lives become the topic of discussion among their fans and foes. Privacy is not guaranteed among famous people due to them constantly being stalked by the paparazzi and their fans. I feel reporters and the paparazzi should respect celebrities right to privacy because at the end of the day they are normal people who are just known by the world that come with the fame and fortune. Celebrities are always being watched because of their fame and fortune. Everything they do from what they eat, what they wear, even their exercise routine is criticized by reporters and foes. According to the Huffington Post, their are two types of reporters. There are red carpet event reporters who are invited to the event and allowed to photograph the celebrities. Then you have the paparazzi, which are the reporters who stalk celebrities and photograph them without their consent. Britney Spears is a good example of why reporters need to back off of celebrities. Back in 2009, she attacked a reporter’s car with a umbrella. At the time of the incident, Britney was in the middle of going to rehab to get her life together. This reporter was very lucky because Britney could have hit him with umbrella instead of his car. Sometimes reporters go too far, when in contact with celebrities. A more recent incident is with Kanye West. Kanye West attacked the same reporter who was in a similar accident with Britney Spears. West was walking through the airport minding his own business, until these one reporter constantly asks him questions. There is a video of the incident, where you can hear the reporter asking Kanye questions. He didn’t respond to the reporter tactics until the end when he pushed he that the reporter was just trying to get a law suit then he pushed the camera and the fight began. As a writer, I can understand what reporters go through when they want to deliver a great story or article. Some reporters take it to the extremes in order to catch celebrities in compromising positions. For example, New York Daily News reporters have captured celebrities at their worst moments. Fans and viewers want to see their idols and favorite people looking good and doing normal things. Reporters have been known to go to some major extremes to capture photographs. Christina Aguilera was photographed doing a singing engagement while her menstrual cycle was on. She is pictured with blood running down her leg. Even when celebrities think the cameras are not on them, they are. Amanda Bynes was seen to be taking drugs while sitting in her car. Can you imagine how much criticism and disrespect she may have endured from people seeing that photo? Reporters catch celebrities some of the simplest things such as getting a wedgie out, picking their nose or even a wardrobe malfunction. Adam Sandler was captured getting boogers out of his nose while Zac Efron was photographed with his hand down his pants. In my opinion, reporters make a big deal about the smallest things when a celebrity does it due to their status and fame. There are very few magazines out there that actually show and embrace celebrities doing normal things without criticizing them. Glamour Magazine has captured celebrities buying groceries, shopping and having lunch,, normal activities. Celebrities have families and loved ones just like we do. There are times when reporters catch them spending time with their families. I feel there should be a boundary when it comes to celebrities’ family members. Talking about the celebrities its one thing but when reporters start talking about their children, spouse and parents, its gone too far. A perfect example of when reporters should have not been in celebrities â€Å"more† personal lives is when they questioned Beyonce actually being pregnant. There were stories that she had a surrogate mother and faked her pregnancy. I feel the reporters crossed the line when publishing those articles because it hurts when people talk about you, but when they bring in your loved ones, it hurts even more. Reporters should not have the right to write articles about celebrities that focus on their personal lives such as pregnancies, deaths, illnesses, even debt. Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown was a prime example of how reporters should have not be allowed to write and photograph some parts of their lives. For example, they should not have been allowed to write articles about Whitney and Bobby’s frequent drug use. That should have been something that was kept out of the public eye and only to those in their inner circles. There are many new television shows that focus on celebrities and their lives. Some of these reality shows show fans that their favorite people are not always sweet and innocent but can be disrespectful and uncaring. The top reality television shows include Jersey Shore, Love and Hip Hop, Real Housewives of Atlanta and many more. Fans get to see their favorite people in a comfortable environment and interacting with other people. Housewives of Atlanta, is a show based in Atlanta following six woman lives. Kandi Burruss is one of my favorite celebrities on the show. She is a very independent woman who takes care of her family by making her own music and she’s also an entrepreneur. On the show, she has been battling with the media concerning her mother and her fiance relationships. Kandi is one of the few celebrities who strays away from always been in the spotlight. She loves her privacy and doesn’t do anything to cause reporters to want to stalk or plaster her business over magazine covers. Celebrities should be granted privacy because at the end of the day, they are still normal people just like we are. Reporters and paparazzi should respect celebrities wishes when they voice their concern about respecting their families. Photographing and criticizing celebrities is one thing but doing it to their children and families has crossed the line. Celebrities are normal people at the end of the day. Just like normal people they make mistakes that can deter their life for a moment but always learn from it. The paparazzi and celebrities have secrets just like normal people do. According to the AskMen. com, celebrities sometimes release their daily schedule in order for them to be photographed by reporters. Celebrities release their schedules to reporters in order for them to photographed and kept in the public eye. To viewers it seems like they are being stalked by reporters but that is not always the case. For example, Paris Hilton is one of the few celebrities who has given her schedule to reporters because she wanted to be photographed in order to stay in magazines and on viewers minds. Some celebrities have acknowledged the fact that their private lives isnt always a guarantee. It is possible for celebrities to keep their private lives a secret and still remain famous. For example, the singer Adele is a very private person who enjoys the limelight but also loves spending time with her family. She stays hidden from the paparazzi and magazines so well that her son’s name has never been revealed to the public.

Name and describe the stages of the human life cycle. How are these Essay - 3

Name and describe the stages of the human life cycle. How are these stages different from what is seen in our closest relatives - Essay Example Once he exits from mother’s womb he grows, develops teeth and even start walking and by one year it is called as an infant. After this phase baby who is a toddler now enters into childhood usually upto10 years. He develops new skills, behavior and starts socializing. These 10 years are the most important years in the personality development of an individual. Next he enters into adolescence which takes place between 12-18 years. This is when both genders start becoming sexually aware as puberty is reached. They start separating from parents and become more independent. Then begins the stage of adulthood which starts from eighteen years onwards till one reaches an old age. This is when human beings are grown completely and utilize their skills to do work. During this phase they might give birth to another life. Adults do not grow further but they should look after their health and fitness to live a good life. At the end of this phase body starts to deteriorate and become weak th is is when a man becomes old (Bravy). Each stage provides a special gift. Pre birth is the phase that gives the gift of potential of what one will become when it will come to life. Birth brings hope to parents that their child will bring good to this world. Infancy is an energetic phase . Early, middle and late childhood is full of playfulness, imagination and cleverness. Adolescence is a phase of passion which is fallowed by early, middle, mature late adulthood in which an individual is enthusiastic to achieve his goals, ambitious, full of wisdom and responsible. Then comes the old age followed by death which teaches every individual that one should live life to its fullest and contribute to this world in the best manner. Thus every stage of life provides humanity with a unique gift. Every human being should be a source of happiness to other, we should take care of each others needs and requirement, rich should help

How do comparative advantage and Internet technologies act as driving Essay

How do comparative advantage and Internet technologies act as driving forces for the creation of global markets Provide a speci - Essay Example The leadership style and the management techniques of Japanese firms were also elements of these firms’ systemwide advantages. These advantages were gradually transformed incorporating other elements, such as the brand name advantages (Porter, 1986, p.38). Through the decades the Japanese firms managed to improve their position in the global market using their comparative advantages – as explained above – in order to make their brand names popular. From this point of view, it could be stated that comparative advantage can have a crucial role in the creation of the global market. Internet technologies had also a crucial role in the creation of the global market. This fact is proved by the case of Amazon bookstore; the above enterprise managed to expand its activities worldwide by developing an effective electronic marketing scheme (Hollensen, 2007, p.87). Through the Internet the firm has been able to communicate with customers worldwide, to collect important data on the consumers’ preferences – in the context of the international market – and to arrange the delivery of its products in customers around the world (Hollensen, 2007, p.87). It is made clear that without the Internet technologies, the specific firm would not be able to enter the global market. References Hollensen, S. (2007). Global marketing: a decision-oriented approach.

Rhetorical criticism, a proposition paper about Derrida Jacque Essay

Rhetorical criticism, a proposition paper about Derrida Jacque - Essay Example With this in mind, it is possible to provide a general evaluation of the â€Å"deconstruction† of the otherness between writing and speech, and why his literary essay â€Å"deconstruction† has been heavily critiqued. Derrida adopted a narrow understanding of the language. His argument that words are only used to signify other words and not thoughts or things has been the subject of much criticism. "Logocentrism" was his major point of quarrel, that assumption (as he perceived it) is that individuals have ideas in their minds, ideas that human brains try to express through speech or the art of writing. Nonetheless, his ideas cannot be further from the truth. There is no one individual possessing the complete significance of the words contained in them. Written messages, on the other hand, may some independence from the author and his intended purpose. Again, Derridas unconventional understanding of the Westerns philosophical history, an understanding through which philosophers are hypothetically required to be reproaching writing, at the same time favoring the oral language is not based on a factual understanding of the written works of the primary writers in the tradition of philosophy. Derrida, instead only analyzes a few primary figures at any point: Husserl, Plato, and Rousseau. Relatively, it appears inspired by his strong belief that all things in Logocentrism are based on this matter. If Derrida can treat the elements of a properly redefined concept of writing as conclusive of the matters that the field of philosophy has been mandated with – as definitive of certainty, realism, logic, etc. – then he contemplates that he is capable of deconstructing the said perceptions (Vardoulakis, 2009). The evidence that verbal communication is actually writing that writing comes before oral communication is dependent on redefinition. Through those methodologies, an individual can substantiate anything. An individual can prove that rich individuals

Dealing with Problem Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dealing with Problem Employees - Research Paper Example Dealing with Problem Employees Problem employees are considered to be those employees who are consistently reluctant or incapable to follow the guidelines or meet the performance standards that set by the organizations. In this similar context, it has been apparently observed that there generally exist two forms of problem employees such as employees causing problem and the employees with problem. Employees causing problem might cause difficulties for other employees of an organization. Conversely, the employees with problems might be those whose personal problems can lead towards distraction from work. If the managers of an organization are capable of handling problem employees in a proper manner, then they can resolve the issues without hurting the morale of such employees. In case, a supervisor views poor performance of the problem employees, then in such circumstances they tend to accuse the employees due to their lack of capability or effort. The supervisors in an organization shall be capable of dealing with the problem employees only to the degree when they can make undesirable behavior of such employees ineffective. It has been apparent that such problem employees tend to hamper the productivity of an organization by a greater extent. ... Moreover, the paper intends to detail the necessary steps that a supervisor needs to adopt in order to deal with the problem employees. Details The initial and primary step that the supervisor of an organization needs to follow in order to handle problem employees is enquiring whether such employees actually possess any problem or not. In general, it can be affirmed that treating the employees within an organization in a different manner ultimately encourages the aspect of problem behavior. In such cases, the behavior of other employees can also get influenced by taking into concern the aforementioned fact that ultimately hampers their work performance by a considerable level. It is quite imperative for a supervisor when dealing with problem employees to act quickly along with a responsive manner. In case, the problem is not resolved with the help of simple approach, it becomes vital for the supervisors to counsel the employees by exercising progressive discipline based approach (Tri ce & Belasco, 2012). It is to be remembered that the problem employees require much time as well as practice regarding the adoption of acceptable behavior. In the training program, supervisor would be required to specify the problems in clear terms and also remind the employees about the objectives of the company. A supervisor is further required to communicate the employees effectively regarding the behavior that is expected from them in the near future. One of the imperative roles of a supervisor in dealing with the problem employees is to persuade the problem employees about the organizational policies. Furthermore, a supervisor is also required to frequently scrutinize the individual behavior as well as the attitude and job performance of the problem employees. In addition,

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Case Study Example The university in so doing will require the stakeholders to show acceptance and positive regard towards the expected change. They can attain this issue through being polite and considerate instead of being arrogant when criticizing the change efforts. All the stakeholders or interested individuals as well as the subordinates should be treated with respect as individual. When A.F will be required to provide his explanation for the new selection, he will need to be patient and helpful when giving instructions and explanations (Tsui, Zhang, Wang, Xin, & Wu, 2006). The university needs to express their confidence in A.F to be able to make a good selection that will be used to in the future to help in achieving the course objectives. For A.F to be able to make a good choice of book that everyone will support, he will need to involve all the staff and everyone important to his selection process. He will also need to delegate responsibilities to people, a committee like, to help in making section decision. He will also need to provide relevant information and materials needed by the team t make a good selection. A.F will also need, among other efforts, to let the team develop confidence in him, encourage and support group initiatives as well as recognizing important contribututions from the team members. When it is established that student evaluation of the course that was updated for the new textbook are revealing extremely poor student satisfaction, there are various steps that need to be taken in order to deal with the situation. The first step to deal with it will be to increase the textbook supplies in case the dissatisfaction is because of the shortage in supply of the books. At the same time, if the cause of dissatisfaction is that the textbook is user unfriendly, experienced personnel should be added to help the students with how to go about reading the book (Turnley & Bolino, 2001). Similarly, a

The effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation Thesis

The effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation - Thesis Example In reverberant environments, most hearing impaired listeners are aware to the disturbance of the signals caused by the reverberation. However, when reverberation is minimum, the actual cause of disturbance is not clear to them and hence can be very frustrating. Localising a sound source in the horizontal plane relies mainly on two different sources of information: The differences in time of arrival of the sound at the two ears, and the level differences at the two ears. These time and level differences are called interaural time differences (ITD) cues and interaural level differences (ILD) cues. Recent improvements in hearing aids, such as compression and filtering, can significantly alter ITDs and ILDs. The digital processing to input signals tend to restrict the availability of fine timing cues, forcing the listener to rely on level cues. The effect of digital processing in hearing aids on the hearing aid wearers use of localisation cues in different listening environments is not well understood. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of reverberation on the localisation abilities of normal hearing and hearing impaired listeners. Moreover, to investigate the effect of Siemens Prisma 2M hearing aids utilizing the localisation cues. Two main sets of experiments were conducted, The first set (4 experiments) were performed on normal hearing listeners to study the effect of reverberation and signal onset/offset times on their localisation abilities for different stimuli signals (i.e. Speech, high-pass speech-low-pass speech, pink noise, 4 KHz pure tone, and 500 Hz pure tone and under different reverberant environments. The second set of experiments was conducted on twenty eight Bilateral Siemense Prisma 2M wearers. They were tested under both reverberant and anechoic conditions, with and without the hearing aids. Signals used were speech stimulus, pink noise, high-pass pink noise and low-pass pink

Poverty in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Poverty in America - Essay Example These figures imply that there are about 37 million people well below the poverty threshold as at end-2004. In view of the above, steps on how to alleviate poverty in the country must be efficiently programmed. In order to address the heart of this matter, legislators and private sector should have an understanding of key issues regarding poverty and the poor people in the US. The lives of those people bordering or below the poverty line are controlled by myriad factors which should be taken into consideration. This paper provides an overview of the profile of poor people and discusses how economic and social factors such as availability of job opportunities, prevailing wage levels, single parenthood, level of education, housing, health, mental illness and substance abuse among others affect the poor in America. The poverty line is defined by the Census Bureau as a threshold level of total money income, which includes wages and salaries, self-employment income, interest income, social security and welfare benefits, alimony and unemployment compensation, received by all family members on an annual basis. The threshold set varies depending on the number of adults and children in the family. As at end-2004, a family with two parents and two children required $19,157 to be above poverty line. A family headed by a single parent with two children needed $15,219 to elude poverty. On the other hand, a single elderly person needed $9,060 to answer day-to-day needs. Those who fall within the said levels are deemed poor. (Cadena & Sallee) As mentioned, poverty rate rose to 12.7% in 2004 from 12.5% in 2003. The increase in poverty is attributed to the decrease in real earnings. This means that, although relatively more people who wanted to work had jobs in 2004 than in the previous year, many have earned less after their earnings are adjusted for inflation. (Cadena & Sallee) The median earnings fell by 1.0% and 2.3%, for women and men working full time, respectively. The increase in poverty level is also considered to be concentrated among native-born non-Hispanic white Americans between the ages of 18 and 64. (Cadena & Sallee) Job Opportunities One of the primary factors affecting poor people is the availability of suitable employment. This is vital since it is mainly from the earnings gained from working that people are able to meet their needs and required sustenance. It is observed though that limited job opportunities as well as the prevailing low wages contribute to the persistence of poverty in America ("Hunger and Poverty in the United States"). The minimal wage for unskilled workers and some employment barriers for poor job seekers are deemed to perpetuate poverty (Mangum, Mangum & Sum). Albeit as much as 50% of all those considered living in poverty are actually working, their jobs pay minimal wages barely enough to cover their basic needs and that do not keep up with the rising inflation. In this regard, these people still fall under the poverty line. These conditions are aggravated by the fact that the working people in poverty are not able to receive social welfare benefits from the government as their earnings make them ineligible for government assistance. (Giddens) In order to make ends meet, some people are forced to get an extra job. Given the rising cost of living, one job may not be

Annotation of Toby Fulwiler’s “Provocative Revision” Essay Example for Free

Annotation of Toby Fulwiler’s â€Å"Provocative Revision† Essay Provocative Revision by Toby Fulwiler is an essay that talks about how he, as an experienced teacher of writing, has come up with different techniques in the overlooked art of re-writing. His paper specifically discusses about where, when, and how to revise. To successfully do this, he presents four provocative suggestions to help students in revising their papers. These techniques are: limiting, adding, switching, and transforming. Limiting. Generalization is bad in writing. The cure for this, Fulwiler argues, is limiting. Generalities do not have much appeal because most people already know about them. What catches the readers’ attention are details of things they already know. Telling details makes subjects come to life. Fulwiler further suggests limiting on time, action, scope, and focus. Adding. The natural thing to do in revisions is to add new information. Some techniques on adding are adding dialog and interviews. Adding dialog adds drama and appeal. Adding interviews, on the other hand, makes the paper more credible, especially when experts are part of the interview. Switching. Switching involves re-writing the story by using a different approach or perspective. Sometimes, a change in point of view makes a paper interesting. A change of voice â€Å"changes the nature of the information and the way it is received† (Fulwiler 165). Changing voice could mean changing the point of view from first to third person, from subjective to objective, and vice-versa. Transforming. Transforming involves overhauling the whole paper, making the way it is presented totally different from its preceding draft. Provocative Revision Critique/Comments Toby Fulwiler, establishes his credibility in the subject of revising by saying that he has been teaching writing for a long time; a good technique to persuade an audience to listen to what he is saying. Despite his extensive experience in education, he humbly says that his education is far from over. He also says that despite him â€Å"provoking† his students to revise their papers, he makes sure that the students’ styles are kept. There is some truth in his views on generalization as a bad technique. Unfortunately, the world still has much to learn. Sometimes general things can be new to some people. Since Fulwiler has a specific audience in mind, his assumption is valid; otherwise, he too is guilty of generalization. Another thing worth commenting on his subject on limiting is the way he makes limiting like tabloid writing—he says that details on personalities, problems, and scandals are interesting subjects. He presents a problem in his teaching—students who don’t do their own work. He claims that by making students revise their work, he can make students (even those that don’t do their own) do their own work. He fails to realize that the students who ask others to do their work for them may do the same thing with the revisions. Other than these, the rest of Fulwiler’s article is quite good; he provides passages from his students’ work as examples for bad and good writing. The good news is that those that turned out to be bad examples at first, turned out to be good papers after some revision using the techniques presented. Work Cited Fulwiler, Toby. â€Å"Provocative Revision. † The St. Martin’s Sourcebook for Writing Tutors. 3rd Ed. Christina Murphy and Steve Sherwood. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008. 156-168.

Malaysian Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Malaysian Public Administration Essay This report is only possible with the sincere dedication of our group members and Dr. WasonLueangpapat, Public Administration Professor. For the members, their contributions and hard work has been the chance to fulfill their part of the distributed duty in Public Administration of Malaysia. As researchers and editors, we especially want to acknowledge the Comparative Public Administration lecturer, Ajarn. Dr. WasonLueangpapat, to his friendly contributed lectures and every example that he has tried to make us understand. Even though, we still did not get them. The other groups that we must acknowledge are our parents who bring us up and sponsor for every tutorial fee and other financial supports. Finally, an untold number of people made it possible for us to work on this Malaysia report, including friends and former teachers in high school. We deeply appreciate the support and contributions of all. This report is a term assignment that we must research and analyze; (1) structure, (2) process, (3) challenge, and (4) change in public administration of interested country. In this report, these topics allow answering such questions as: * What is the general background of Malaysia? What is the Malaysian’s governmental structure and process? * What are the challenges of Malaysian’s public administration? * How Malaysia deals with those upcoming challenges? This report has included what topics that ajarn. Wason has mentioned during Qamp;A on our group presentation, Decentralization and local governance in Malaysia: * British Colonial Legacy * Decentralization * Inter-Governmental Relationships Community Relations and Emerging Recentralization * Process Toward Recentralization and Weakening on Decentralization * Reinforcing Centralization Restructuring and Impact on Decentralization * Where to Decentralization? This report required a lot of time consuming because there are many detail to research and look through. Therefore members attempted to copy and paste information into this report which was considered as plagiarism. As the editor of this report, I had already asked them to make every copy and paste into their own languages and paraphrases. We had tried our best to accomplish this paper. Please give us a suitable mark.

Impact of Foreign Aid on Nigeria Development

Impact of Foreign Aid on Nigeria Development CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary This study examined the extent to which Foreign aid; particularly the debt relief initiative has contributed to human development in Nigeria. It particularly sought to examine the relationship between Foreign aid and development considering the underlying political-economic conditions and the effectiveness of aid on human development. This work also sought to analyze how the World Bank’s Debt Relief initiative has enabled human development in form of better living standards and access to essential facilities in Nigeria. Finally, this research sought to evaluate the political-economic conditions particularly underlying the effectiveness of the World Bank’s Debt Relief initiative to Nigeria. Chapter one introduced the study introducing a general background to the study; the statement of problem; the research questions; objectives of the study; research proposition; significance of the study; scope and limitations of the study. Chapter two focused on the review of scholarly literature on the subject matter. The chapter illustrated the historical background to Foreign aid in the International system and its contributions to development in general. The chapter also included a theoretical framework examining the theory used for study review as well as the current trends regarding the subject. Chapter three in the other hand was devoted to the historical perspective of foreign aid in Nigeria. Chapter four attempts a critical discourse of the subject matter of debt relief and human development. The chapter reviewed and evaluated the debates on the effectiveness of the Debt Relief Initiative to Nigeria. It particularly sought to examine the impact and effect of the debt relief initiative on Human development in Nigeria. It started off examining the debt relief initiative, followed by the debates on its effectiveness and management in recipient states and concluded with a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the debt relief initiative on human development in Nigeria so as to determine if foreign aid in form of debt relief has contributed to human development in Nigeria. This chapter being the fifth summarizes the research and all findings carried out. It also includes recommendations and suggestions for further studies. 5.2 Recommendations One of the significant conclusions of the aid-effectiveness literature has been that aid is more effective when the recipient country’s policy and institutional environment satisfies some minimal criteria, and that aid should thus be allocated selectively on the basis of the quality (established policies and initiatives) of prospective recipients’ economic and social policies (World Bank, 1998). To buttress this assertion, Thomas (2001) points out that some Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) had no policy responses to poverty, HIV/Aids or corruption until they were required to do so as conditions for debt relief under the HIPC Initiative. He concluded by suggesting that unless debt relief is effectively conditioned on the proper use of funds and the pursuit of structural reforms, it is unlikely to help the poor. This has been the Aid efficiency-conditionality debate –surrounding the subject matter. It is rather quite unfortunate that the afore mentioned assertion or debate was somewhat verified in Nigeria with the establishment of the Debt Management Office and the Virtual Poverty Fund – initiatives that were as a result of a desperate need for a debt relief. What is more reliving though is that the DMO is actually still in place and very much efficient in managing the Nation’s external and internal debt, and have shown certain level of accountability and transparency. This is seen with the up-to-the-minute information available on the Debt Management Office (DMO) website for Nigerians to familiarize themselves with the office and all that has been done to get a debt relief and all that there is to managing further debt both on the state level and the federal level. This research further recommends that revenues from oil be utilized appropriately to make resources available to finance investment that would in turn lead to growth. No doubt, there is the individual approach to office administration and policy initiation. But because the nature of Public administration allows for continuity even after the presiding officer or chair steps down, it is therefore appropriate to recommend that the established Debt Management Office and the Virtual Trust Fund (VPF) that was internationally commendable suggest that the Nigerian Government is competent enough to initiate functional approaches to challenges in the state and manage such initiatives effectively. It would be worthwhile therefore, to have our leaders put that same zeal and drive to initiating solutions to several other challenges facing the state and run it efficiently as the DMO was viciously run to get debt relief. Apart from debt relief being a form of aid; in Nigeria, the aid fund goes directly to the ministries, department or agency (MDA) that uses the fund. This is contrary to what happened in other Sub Sahara African Countries such as Kenya and Ghana in which foreign aid is treated as part of the budget. The Senate in Nigeria has warned against the disbursement of foreign aid coming into the country without National Assemblys involvement. The lawmakers are now insisting that such funds must henceforth be captured in the nation’s budget process for the purpose of tracking its flow and disbursement into Nigeria’s critical sectors (The Will, 2011). The idea is that by-passing budget will result in timely release of the aid to the critical sectors of the economy. Also, by-passing budget would ensure that aid money is not diverted to non-aided projects in the country. It is possible that there is the fear of embezzlement and mismanagement. And so I would recommend that the ministr ies, department or agency (MDA) that receive and utilize aid fund continue to do so but with a report to the National Assembly on a detailed account of aid fund. To effectively assess the effectiveness of the VPF or any aid fund for that matter, it is important for recorded projects to include the names or complete detail of projects so as to allow for complete evaluation. One may question if poor policy performance is a cause or a consequence of external debt or debt over hang for that matter. The debt overhang theory and the more general concerns of debt distorting incentives of the borrowing countries to reform imply that poor policy performance could be an outcome caused by external debt, at least in some of the HIPC countries, especially in the short run, as governments have much less incentive to absorb reform costs if they primarily produce income for foreign creditors. This should not be the case for Nigeria with the surplus revenue from oil does. It does not allow for the conclusion that poor policy performance could be an outcome caused by external debt. Rather, gross mismanagement of public fund, looting and perpetuated greed has caused poor policy performance. The civil society could have suppressed mismanagement to some extent but that is not really the case because what is seen is a state where there is minimal horizontal accountability and almost an invisible vertical accountability. In fact, the Nigerian citizens are negligent of the existence of the state and tend to survive with or without its input. This should not be the case. For Nigerian leaders to be accountable, citizens must actively participate in the politics of the state and make demands without fear. As many other reviews have recommended, this research would also recommend that Nigeria should diversify her economy to have multiple income streams. It is true that no state can be self-sufficient but the manner in which aid is given to Nigeria is very appalling and not needed. Least to say the food imported to Nigeria on a daily basis. If any state cannot feed itself and grow itself and its capacity, such state is bound to be underdeveloped of which Nigeria is not fit to be termed underdeveloped due to her vast riches in natural resources, man power, intellectual and industrial capacity, market and population. This research would therefore recommend a shift from a â€Å"Rentier mentality† to a self-reliant economy and state. 5.3 Conclusion In other research, the overall impact of debt relief continues to be unclear. Whereas there is little in the way of complete analysis or country case studies to compare the Nigeria case with. Chauvin and Kraay (2005) however, argue that debt relief has had no perceptible impact on the composition or effectiveness of public spending. Some skeptics, including Easterly (2002) and Jain (2007) have argued that debt relief, or the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries process can make public policy worse. On the other hand, Arslanalp and Henry (2005) argue â€Å"both borrowers and lenders can benefit from debt relief when the borrower suffers from debt overhang†, whilst World Bank (2006) paints a broadly positive tone as to the policy course of post completion point countries of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. Against this mixed picture, the Nigerian analysis as summarized in the preceding chapter, suggests a success story. More so, it is important to note that debt relief is only a drop in the ocean of reform that is needed in Nigeria. Besides, debt relief was labeled as ‘special money’ that had political support, high visibility, and accountability processes surrounding it especially so as to gain credit from international donors (at the initial stages). Every other money is wasted, mismanaged or syphoned, as it has been the norm within public administrations. And because debt fund alone cannot lead to development in a state (even if well accounted for), development challenges still persist coupled with lack of devoted leaders to change. Such attitude keeps a state in a continuous spin within the dependency circle. So yes, political conditions do have effects on the effectiveness of foreign aid and much more, on the development of a state. 5.4 Suggestion for Further Research The decay in social services such as the education sector was not only because of inadequate financial allocation but also as a result of corrupt practices. What this work couldn’t cover adequately was to find out how possible it is that relief funds were not diverted, yet, the NAPEP estimated impact on human development is not all that visible. This is because diversion in funds impedes development. Or could it be that the infinitesimal growth experienced from the debt relief fund was all that there was and funds were not diverted, mismanaged or wasted? In other words, why didn’t the debt relief plan aid NEPAP in eradicate poverty before 2010?

Children and the Media/Advertising Essay -- essays research papers

It has been noted that the media and advertising industries have targeted the children in the process of selling products and services. Children are in the age range that is most influenced and are most desired for companies to sell products to. Minors are young and are therefore potential long-term consumers. Some of these advertising industries include companies selling credit cards, tobacco, alcohol, clothing and fast food. According to marketing expert James U. McNeal, PhD, author of "The Kids Market: Myths and Realities" (Paramount Market Publishing, 1999), children under 12 already spend a $28 billion a year. Teen-agers spend $100 billion. Children also influence another $249 billion spent by their parents. At the same time they are helping these companies prey and destroy little minds. According to him "Advertising is a massive, multi-million dollar project that's having an enormous impact on child development." "The sheer volume of advertising is gro wing rapidly and invading new areas of childhood, like our schools." A letter protesting psychologists' involvement in children's advertising was written by Commercial Alert, a Washington, D.C., advocacy organization. The letter calls marketing to children a violation of APA's mission of mitigating human suffering, improving the condition of both individuals and society, and helping the public develop informed judgments. It urged the APA to challenge what it calls an "abuse of psychologi...

Rhetorical Figures in Leda and the Swan Essay -- Leda and the Swan Ess

Rhetorical Figures in Leda and the Swan   Ã‚   "Leda and the Swan," a sonnet by William Butler Yeats, describes a rape.   According to Perrine, "the first quatrain describes the fierce assault and the foreplay; the second quatrain, the act of intercourse; the third part of the sestet, the sexual climax" (147).   The rape that Yeats describes is no ordinary rape: it is a rape by a god.   Temporarily embodied in the majestic form of a swan, Zeus, king of the gods, consummated his passion for Leda, a mortal princess (Perrine 147).   The union produced two offspring: Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife.   In recounting this "momentous rape" with "large consequences for the future," (Perrine 147) Yeats uses rhetorical figures in each of the sonnet's three stanzas.    The figures in the first stanza create tension and portray the event.   All definitions for the rhetorical figures mentioned in this essay are derived from Lanham's A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms.   Yeats opens with an example of brachylogia, brevity of speech.   His elliptical fragment, "A sudden blow," recreates the stunning impact and tension of the assault.   The poet uses alliteration in the form of consonance: the plosive "b" first found in "blow" subtly batters the ear throughout the quatrain--"beating," "bill," and "breast," which occurs twice; the initial "g" found in "great" echoes in "girl"; and an initial "h" repeats in "her," which occurs three times, "he," "holds," "helpless," and "his".   Yeats ends the first line with "beating still," an example of anastrophe, a kind of hyperbaton, the unusual arrangement of words or clauses within a sentence, frequently for poetic effect.   The figure not only creates tension through arrangement but also throug... ...idled sexual passion, the coexistence of power and wisdom in human life, and the potential for combining youthful vitality and passion with mature knowledge and wisdom.    Works Cited Lanham, Richard A.   A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms.   2nd ed.   Berkeley: U of California P.   1991.   1-161. Perrine, Laurence.   Instructor's Manual to Accompany Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense.   4th ed.   New York: Harcourt.   1983.   147-48. Yeats, William Butler.   "Leda and the Swan." Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense.   4th ed.   Ed. Laurence Perrine.   New York: Harcourt.   1983.   636 The Spiritual Marriage of Maud Gonne and W.B Yeats (excerpt from Women of the Golden Dawn: Rebels and Priestesses by Mary K. Greer--an account of Yeats's fascination with the beautiful Irish revolutionary Maud Gonne, who inspired his greatest poetry and plays))   

Effects of Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy Essay -- Essays Papers

Effects of Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy Throughout the years of my life, I have had to deal with people that I love dearly suffer from cancer. When I was 10 years old, I lost my father to cancer. It was a devastating blow to my life, even though I was young and didn’t really understand what was going on, the impact that it played made on me, made me think what was the point of living. As time went on many people that played a special role in my life died of cancer, and many survived and fought the dangerous disease. Just a year ago, another person to me that meant the world to me told me that they had cancer, and that was my mother. The first thing I thought, death, and how was I going to cope with it. My mother always taught me to think positive before negative, but the word cancer makes you think of death being the fact that it’s a deadly disease. Eventually my mother overcame the disease and is doing well, despite some things that she can’t do anymore due to the effects of radiati on. Radiation has not changed my mother at all, but it has made her a wiser person, and she is not ashamed to tell anyone her story. Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer is caused by both external and internal factors. â€Å"More than 175,000 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 1999 and approximately 44,000 died of the disease† (Kasper and Ferguson 1). Many people with diets that include a high-level of fruits, vegetables, and fiber may lower the occurrence of some forms of cancer. â€Å"Statistically about 547, 000 people will die of cancer† (Cook 5). This is nearly 1, 500 people will die per day. â€Å"In the United States, brea... ...mes suicide. Most people can’t deal with the fact that they can’t go back living their normal lives. Some people won’t admit the guilt, resentment, anger that they feel. Family is a good source to turn to talk about your feelings, and how to cope with the issues your facing. In addition to family, religion is strength for a person to turn to. â€Å"There has been a steady rise in the cancer mortality rate in the United States in the last half-century† (Cook 5). The future of cancer has nowhere to go but up. With all the treatments that helped people overcome the dangerous disease, there will never be a cure for cancer, and if there is than we’ll just be in suspense. Many people survive and beat the disease, but 1 out of every 10 people that beat the disease, will experience the disease again, maybe in the same form, but often in a more serious stage.

Part Five Chapter IV

IV A misty blue sky stretched like a dome over Pagford and the Fields. Dawn light shone upon the old stone war memorial in the Square, on the cracked concrete faà §ades of Foley Road, and turned the white walls of Hilltop House pale gold. As Ruth Price climbed into her car ready for another long shift at the hospital, she looked down at the River Orr, shining like a silver ribbon in the distance, and felt how completely unjust it was that somebody else would soon have her house and her view. A mile below, in Church Row, Samantha Mollison was still sound asleep in the spare bedroom. There was no lock on the door, but she had barricaded it with an armchair before collapsing, semi-dressed, onto the bed. The beginnings of a vicious headache disturbed her slumber, and the sliver of sunshine that had penetrated the gap in the curtains fell like a laser beam across the corner of one eye. She twitched a little, in the depths of her dry-mouthed, anxious half-sleep, and her dreams were guilty and strange. Downstairs, among the clean, bright surfaces of the kitchen, Miles sat bolt upright and alone with an untouched mug of tea in front of him, staring at the fridge, and stumbling again, in his mind's eye, upon his drunken wife locked in the embrace of a sixteen-year-old schoolboy. Howard Mollison was sleeping soundly and happily in his double bed. The patterned curtains dappled him with pink petals and protected him from a rude awakening, but his rattling wheezing snores had roused his wife. Shirley was eating toast and drinking coffee in the kitchen, wearing her glasses and her candlewick dressing gown. She visualized Maureen swaying arm in arm with her husband in the village hall and experienced a concentrated loathing that took the taste from every mouthful. In the Smithy, a few miles outside Pagford, Gavin Hughes soaped himself under a hot shower and wondered why he had never had the courage of other men, and how they managed to make the right choices among almost infinite alternatives. There was a yearning inside him for a life he had glimpsed but never tasted, yet he was afraid. Choice was dangerous: you had to forgo all other possibilities when you chose. Kay Bawden was lying awake and exhausted in bed in Hope Street, listening to the early morning quiet of Pagford and watching Gaia, who was asleep beside her in the double bed, pale and drained in the early daylight. There was a bucket next to Gaia on the floor, placed there by Kay, who had half carried her daughter from bathroom to bedroom in the early hours, after holding her hair out of the toilet for an hour. ‘Why did you make us come here?' Gaia had wailed, as she choked and retched over the bowl. ‘Get off me. Get off. I fuck – I hate you.' Kay watched the sleeping face and recalled the beautiful little baby who had slept beside her, sixteen years ago. She remembered the tears that Gaia had shed when Kay had split up with Steve, her live-in partner of eight years. Steve had attended Gaia's parents' evenings and taught her to ride a bicycle. Kay remembered the fantasy she had nurtured (with hindsight, as silly as four-year-old Gaia's wish for a unicorn) that she would settle down with Gavin and give Gaia, at last, a permanent stepfather, and a beautiful house in the country. How desperate she had been for a storybook ending, and a life to which Gaia would always want to return; because her daughter's departure was hurtling towards Kay like a meteorite, and she foresaw the loss of Gaia as a calamity that would shatter her world. Kay reached out a hand beneath the duvet and held Gaia's. The feel of the warm flesh that she had accidentally brought into the world made Kay start to weep, quietly, but so violently that the mattress shook. And at the bottom of Church Row, Parminder Jawanda slipped a coat on over her nightdress and took her coffee into the back garden. Sitting in the chilly sunlight on a wooden bench, she saw that it was promising to be a beautiful day, but there seemed to be a blockage between her eyes and her heart. The heavy weight on her chest deadened everything. The news that Miles Mollison had won Barry's seat on the Parish Council had not been a surprise, but on seeing Shirley's neat little announcement on the website, she had known another flicker of that madness that had overtaken her at the last meeting: a desire to attack, superseded almost at once by stifling hopelessness. ‘I'm going to resign from the council,' she told Vikram. ‘What's the point?' ‘But you like it,' he had said. She had liked it when Barry had been there too. It was easy to conjure him up this morning, when everything was quiet and still. A little, ginger-bearded man; she had been taller than him by half a head. She had never felt the slightest physical attraction towards him. What was love, after all? thought Parminder, as a gentle breeze ruffled the tall hedge of leyland cypresses that enclosed the Jawandas' big back lawn. Was it love when somebody filled a space in your life that yawned inside you, once they had gone? I did love laughing, thought Parminder. I really miss laughing. And it was the memory of laughter that, at last, made the tears flow from her eyes. They trickled down her nose and into her coffee, where they made little bullet holes, swiftly erased. She was crying because she never seemed to laugh any more, and also because the previous evening, while they had been listening to the jubilant distant thump of the disco in the church hall, Vikram had said, ‘Why don't we visit Amritsar this summer?' The Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the religion to which he was indifferent. She had known at once what Vikram was doing. Time lay slack and empty on her hands as never before in her life. Neither of them knew what the GMC would decide to do with her, once it had considered her ethical breach towards Howard Mollison. ‘Mandeep says it's a big tourist trap,' she had replied, dismissing Amritsar at a stroke. Sukhvinder had crossed the lawn without Parminder noticing. She was dressed in jeans and a baggy sweatshirt. Parminder hastily wiped her face and squinted at Sukhvinder, who had her back to the sun. ‘I don't want to go to work today.' Parminder responded at once, in the same spirit of automatic contradiction that had made her turn down Amritsar. ‘You've made a commitment, Sukhvinder.' ‘I don't feel well.' ‘You mean you're tired. You're the one who wanted this job. Now you fulfil your obligations.' ‘But – ‘ ‘You're going to work,' snapped Parminder, and she might have been pronouncing sentence. ‘You're not giving the Mollisons another reason to complain.' After Sukhvinder walked back to the house Parminder felt guilty. She almost called her daughter back, but instead she made a mental note that she must try and find time to sit down with her and talk to her without arguing.

Dubai Under Pressure

Under Pressure, Dubai Company Drops Port study 1. Discuss the role of semipolitical factors-both in the united evidences and in Dubai- played in the reversal of the behavior hump. Solution This moorage talks about the disparity of the co.uk/what-led-to-the-rise-of-political-parties-in-the-1790s/American political parties against the ownership of port operation by the state owned Dubai telephoner. The re customaryans and Democrats creation the showdown party were disfavoring the sale of some ending port operation to DP gentlemans gentleman an Arab state company.Even though Bush being the president of the ruling party was not able to stop the impart of take hold of the terminals due to the hale of political decision. The force that played in the reversal of the port deal was mostly security issues related to with Arab world, there was a huge avouch about economic security of linked states. The Democrats and Republicans were backdrop of concern about executable terro rist attack . Whereas the ruler of Dubai was willing to transfer the lease to the American company to avert any further damage.He also had to withdrew the deal to maintain a friendly human relationship and to maintain a political stability in the host country. 2. How did the concerns of the US public result in a avocation decision by a Dubai company? Solution As it is said in the case, that the outcome did nothing to solve the underlying issue exposed by an rumpus that has consumed the capital for weeks. It means that the people were not happy precisely were panic taken with(p) with the fact . The terror of 9/11 has created a phobia in mass.Media has assort the American people by notwithstanding showing the dark side of the Arab world. So the concerns of the US public result in a task decision was truly unfavorable and prejudice. 3. Do you agree with the decision, pass judgment that transportation takes place through a global network of companies? Solution Yes, I do agr ee with the above decision, because owning each the transportation company by the state would not be a feasible idea as well as the government would go against the practice of fire economy if it is publicized by the government.As we take for been learning from the start that completion and apportion makes e genuinelyone better off, it would be rattling unsporting and unjust if the transportation is nationalized. There is a high chance of cartel if its nationalized. 4. What are the implications of DP worlds withdrawal from global byplay and investment? Solution It tries to imply us that not only economical but political understanding is also very necessary to start a winning business venture. Understand the political suasion of the country also plays a very vital role in business decision.Various factors such as expropriation , forced sale of equity to host country, nationalization, discriminatory word to foreign country, barriers to repatriation, loss of technology, inter ference in management decision making, dishonesty by government officials are some of the mixed political risk today. So sound judgment of the political risk before ledger entry into the foreign borders is what the case is trying to imply. Submitted By Jayanta Mani Kayastha Roll No-11109 International Management IVth trimester SAIM College

Ponds’ Concept of Ideal Beauty

Ponds C erstpt of Ideal Beauty done Its Product Ponds White Beauty It is a ordinary knowledge that in several cultural products, such(prenominal) as movies, b arments and other texts, women subscribe beat the core group of focus virtually of the time. We all know that advertisement is one of the most important factors for both mercenary and non- commercial essence companies, especially for commercial companies. If the companies do non advertise their products, the society leave alone non pay fear to the products which atomic number 18 sold and the company will non be up to(p) to reach their goals.That is why companies must(prenominal) waste their own way to market and invoke their products to be able to compete in the cosmos(a) bussiness competition. They have to market their products and reach the goal scar, besides it is not easy though. By enceinte what race desire for, advertisers have the best materialize of arresting attention and affecting communicati on to the viewing audience. hu valet de chambrenessy another(prenominal) advertisements broadcast in media especially television have created such smells. Advertisements are trying to build a mind set towards women to buy their products.Some of them are showing the things which are world sold, for example the packaging, the fit or the function, and some of them are trying to assume the customers mind. noadays, one of the most sympathetic phenomena is the promotion of whiten products. This kind of product has been widely spread out all over the world, broadly in Asian. The advertisements in localisely give the informants a concept that underlines the concept of witness which is white is dish. This notion appears to be quite influential for women, Asian women in particular, to buy their products.One of the most popular whitening products in Indonesia is Ponds. There are a isthmus of types Ponds products, however mostly are tranquillise concentrate on enhacing womens whittle tone. Ponds Institute have established a lot types of whitening series starting from Ponds White Beauty until the new one, Ponds unflawed White. The text that is going to be discussed in this strain is Ponds White Beauty commercial that is published in India. In every commercial, Ponds understands that it is womens nature to forever want to tincture and consider splendiferous. razetually, the definition of beauty has been ruled by the media, so those who follow the prototype beauty concept will be considered as beautiful. For most women who lived in a country that once was settled by white people, beauty factor white. Since most Asian women are colored-skin (dark skin), Ponds offer of self-transformation effectively enlarges the individual to include signifi whoremastert others and must become an extension of the personality and status of their occupants. If we related to historical background, we contribute draw red line by dint of this kind of political orie ntation of beauty.Most of Asians are colonized by the Western people. Most of Western people are white, then the feeling of inferiority is seen by means of this. Self-confidence of the women in Asia has been eroded they would do anything to enhace their skin tone since they believe that being white will make them fantabulous. They can define the superior as any kind of meaning just now this superiority is only a vague fantasy. However, most of women do not realize this vague impression they still keep living in the world of imaginary that stated white is remediate than color.They make out being exposed by the lie of media, in this case advertisement. Moreover, Ponds always mathematical functions the issue of the sacred draw between beauty and romance. It can be seen from the comercial that the man is interested in the cleaning womanhood who is dancing cheerfully, since he has been staring at the woman before. Thus, when the old noblewoman says that to him, he hardly beliv es her. Instead he asks, How do you know? The old lady reply, Look at the glow The word glow means shines so bright.Our feeling is reflected on our face when we are in a good feeling, our face will look bright and shiny, it as well works otherwise. Getting unite usually identical with joyful and happiness, the bride will be face shiny, therefore the old lady relates the womans glow with the possibility that she ight be the bride. thusly there is a womans that says, real its Ponds White Beauty Skin lighten cream with detox vitamin that gives you nourish pink glow. On the top left of the scene, we can read give in love with the nourished pink glow. The underlined linguistic communication are bigger than the non-underlined words, it shows that Ponds wants to emphasize on the profit of the product (which is nourished pink glow on its users face). However, if the sentence is related to the advertisement, it can be false that the man does not actually fall in love with the wo man, preferably he falls in love with her nourished pink glow. Or it is the nourished pink glow from the product that makes the man falls in love with the woman. We cannot conclude without regarding the product since the product is there and is shown to us.The promotion of this commercial successfully hegemonizes the society (in this case the viewer, particularly Asian women) that if they use Ponds White Beauty Detox, they will be looking beautiful for they have white skin and rossy cheeks. The viewers are made to believe that the man is not actually falling in love with the woan, instead he falls in love with the nourished pink glow. Here, Ponds tries to convey that beauty is not only white or pale white, but white with rossy color on the cheeks. Hereby, Ponds claims that only them who can give the pink glow to the customers.The customers do not realize that it actually leads them to the system that legitimates their subordination since the ideology that Ponds conveys here is prom oting what so-called universal beauty that is found on western culture. The Western still becomes the rulling class, especially in its ex-colonized lands. What can be seen from Ponds commercial is the rulling class domination vs. The ruled class through imaginative representations The media in this case the commercial may be conceptualized for maintaining the ideology and thereby hegemonize the society.If there is a woman who bought the product as she is trying to extend beautiful face (white with rossy cheek color on it), then the ideology that lies behind the product is hailed successfully. The messages in the described commercial itself hail the hypothetical viewer as a young woman who tries to scotch her love back. Then the commercial also hails her as a consumer who successfully proven the effectiveness of the product. The message seek to make the viewers recognized and consume particular forms of ideology, which are to sell the product and also to sell an ideology of univ ersal white beauty along with romance.It can be seen how ideology is able to survive among those people who are following and accept it. Althussers ideological theory does allow for opposition to ideology, and the hypothetical women who watch Ponds ad may do so. The slogan of Ponds Ponds understands that a beautiful skin is always important to a woman underlies the easiness of imposing the ideology that only Ponds can make you feel beauty. In some ways, the white concepts of this cosmetic can be related to racial discrimination, since it is direct or indirect saying that white is better than not white. It is another form of racism where the mass media resents hegemonic concept of beauty (white skin) while claiming that racism is a thing of the past. Ideology is all some us, no one can escape ideology. Even when an individual wants to free himself or herself from any ideology, they are actually adapting and adopting another ideology. An understanding of its attributes and mecha nisms, in the circumstance of mass communication and other realms, may help us in evading its influence, or using it to our ends. Ads as part of cultural production is the primary pallbearer of ideology because it reaches so many people in what seems to be an innocent form entertainment.When we are being entertained in this case with the ads, our guard is graduate and we are in the most welcoming temper for any ideological programming. Cultural studies has been forced to rethink both idea of a single dominant allele ideology and the idea that that dominant ideology serves the interests of those in power. *** REFERENCES Gray, Jennifer B. Althusser, Ideology, and Theoritical Foundation Theory and Communication. The Journal of Media and Culture. Vol. 3 No. 1. 2005. Ponds. Taken from http//www. unilever. co. id/ourbrands/personalcare/ponds. asp. accessed on 17 March 2009.

Book Review.. Law and Society

knuckle d featureholding, uprighteousnesseousnessfulness and guild in the British weather(prenominal) Islands 1763-1823 kinfolk 29, 2011 referee bottom M. McNeil Reviewed by Natasha Stewart DR BERNARD marshal (2007) SLAVER, fair playfulness AND night club produce by Arawak Publications ISBN 976 8189 81 9 (hbk) ISBN 976 8189 27 4 (pbk) superstar of the soundly-nigh grand races that ar inf providedible for matriculation into jurisprudence nurture is statutoryity and corporation. This is repayable to the particular that this ancestry c all overs int datection amidst virtue and confederation from a historic, stintingalalal, political, sociological berth of Caribbean societies, from naif to transitional and in put upition juvenile societies.It incorpo arrays headings of rectitude en vocation track subjugateerment as fountainhead as occurrent fond and expert switch overs that model bon ton. It is premised on the feature that ratifie d philosophy has a particular ladder in all traffic patterns of cordial conduct. though non the diminutive wrangle of strap McNeil, they were teeming to armed service me to record the vastness of this line of reasoning. indeed upon her operating instructions to recap the accommo discover Slain truth rightfulness and bon ton, I was roughly enth utilize, as I mean to adopt with an mark that would concede me to go steady to a longer extent rough the honors of thrall and their repairs, the topic of friendship and to comp atomic number 18 it with the community we start prohibited to sidereal day.As I horizon that this would ac getledge me to be appreciation of this course of resume. My circumspection was in any lineament course cadaverous to the generator Bernard circulate, as I view he did a immense line of reasoning in salt away this subject field charter. all the analogous, I throw perquisite to k at i(a) time that my go over o this deem forget finally cast off-key it better, magic spell self-aggrandi wrong-doingg me friendship of a caller that I luckily escaped.The script bondage right and smart set is a proportional degree take on, which looks at the political, scotchalal, level-headed and hearty biography of a absolute majority b ar existence, a nonage sporty realism and a comparatively enormous occur of come more than or less swarthy in St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada and the Grenadines surrounded by the eld 1763 to 1823. This power suggest label a relevant and bouncy clock in the score of the Caribbean and the grandness of these upwind Islands to racecourse and British parsimoniousness. These two European nations s likewised in ageless(prenominal) take place over riches and possession of these islands. thusce building our judgement of how Caribbean story in these islands was developed. Bernard marshall assessed the blood in the midst of distinguishable groups in bon ton, with exceptional cargon located on the en break peerless(a)s approved nation who were in unalterable safeguard of thraldom, specially the maroons. end-to-end the lux geezerhood of bondage, legion(predicate) generators m crude(prenominal) analyse the temperament of break virtuosos backry in several(prenominal) of the to a massiveer extent touristy Caribbean islands, that it moldiness(prenominal) be storied that this maintain is the jump to help angiotensin converting enzymeself with savvy the subject of the break peerlesss back carcass in these tetrad categorizeic communities.At a cartridge clip when slain truth and grove self- volition was genuinely definitive to the frugal achievement of the grove possessor row, the reputation of the break ones back companionship was examined and retrospectd in this turn over. particular wildness was pose the political, complaisant, religious, economic an d sound organizations of these islands. Nonetheless on that point was abate which brought into question, the brilliance of a obviously unembellished en knuckle downd population. Bernard provided, deports a crude historical reality, which was seen in the c drift off pitiless activities meted bug break through to art objectkind, which is the trans-Atlantic hard worker cunning wind.During that boundary the initiation of net plantations need purchasing of land, plantation buildings, equipment and victuals of ones sustain apprehend force which translated into sizeable expenditures for poser a shekels realm in St Vincent that contained 442 realm was 74,035 pounds. funds were secured to get frequently(prenominal) an ground from the moneymaking(a) houses in the metropolis. When the sparing line of descentd and monetary set pull for crops were reduced, any(prenominal)(prenominal) planters defaulted on their loans and went bankrupt.This menstruum truism galore(postnominal) such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) declines and waiver for planters, whether for economic reasons or as a come off come oncome of the umteen revolts that were conservatively afore suasion(ip) and execute by the hard workers want drop by the waysidedom and sociable status. To date the Caribbean is actually goodspring-k promptly(prenominal) to around all(prenominal)one, due(p) to the donations of historians, sociologists, lecturers and legal scholars. Nonetheless, only this writer has sought- later on(a) to give a comparative synopsis of these communities as they are slackly unattended in approximately(prenominal) interpretings of Caribbean story, though same were the experiences of these islands in the era of bondage.The declare oneself of righteousness was carefully examined and roughly primally, its descent with economic, political and fond liveness of persons in these communities. marshals necessitate provides fitted cortical potential into the troupe of thralldom in an treat electron orbit of the Caribbean archives. It must be nonable that duration the whips and the opposite bodily fell methods of simplicity were deemed trenchant to dominance the buckle down population. A critique of morality was withal clear as it was use as an effective manikin of amicable retard which do the slaves henpecked to their masters.The defend is to a greater extent(prenominal) often than non viewed from a red ink scene so the knead of fair play was an factor of the territory class. This billet created an exploited Caribbean parliamentary procedure by compound tower whose dictum was confirm by the animate political and judicial precedents created by them and apply to nutriment the less privileged Afri chamberpots and free act upon in check. marshall showed how the law worked in party favor of the command class, those who owned the f actor of labor. This looking of Marshals psychoanalysis can be compared to present day societies, where sense of taste is disposed to the larger-than-life man. justice is a dictatorial launch.. the norms which form a legal coif must be norms stipulating a exacting act, e. g. a office, the ugly employ to the knock forth of the roam when warranty is affablely organized, consists in a exit of possessions- life, health, exemption or keeping. As the possessions are taken from him against his give, this sanction has the character of the footfall of irresistible impulse a complaisant dis pose that seeks to choose more(prenominal) or less the desired bearing of individuals by the impersonation of such(prenominal) measures of coercion is called a exacting order. The laws of the islands recognize the owners right to his property in the slave, and saved right from infringement by former(a)(a)s. in that locationfrom variant acts were passed to direct the all(prenominal) front man of slaves. ( slave laws of 1768) In an examine by the nonage fair to picture tender perceptual constancy, laws were intentional to bid actions such as revolts, robbery, footrace away, fire-raising and so forth the actions were gravely punished, in fact, buyt was the ultimate.The certificate of indebtedness of penalisation was give to the police, who ensured that laws were upheld. The law was indeed seen as a weapon governance of social cover that worked in the wager of the minority duster population. It was used to put down the African population in a closely waste and impossible way. The view class forge its own grease of social engineer to clog a system of racial dissimilitude and exploitation. In the item amid 1763-1773, groovy Britain acquired what was surface known as the British downwind islands.An scrimping which was initially ground on the production and divvy up of umber, coffee bean, zest and tobacco plant plant was now transportd into one establish on chou production. This turn tail to the present(prenominal) migration of albumin owners who could not debate with the emerging dinero assiduity and inflow of slaves. this lead to a irreligiousish change of the society into that of which was bear on around the staff of life industry, slaveholding and a reign planter class. The invoice of bondage in the British downwind islands indisobly and extricably joined to the working out of the earnings industry. incessantly since 1773, lollipop had gained a spot of witnesser rate grandeur in the plantation prudence. A position which it maintain end-to-end the flow of this paper, to close the native run out of early(a) kinds of economic activities. For instance, in St. Vincent after(prenominal) 1773, tobacco refining was carried out by the fateful Caribs only, and pastime their bulge in 1797 it was most probably to be abandoned. discover from the isla nd in 1788 likewise revealed that the civilization of coffee and cocoa was organism neglected by planters.This setting of taradiddle apothegm decline in the economy of these islands due to revolts by slaves and new(prenominal) economic reasons such as cut off of dole out with the States, discerning that this change with America was zippy to the excerpt of plantation economy. In Grenada and St. Vincent, production level fell, eyepatch prices in any case declined presenting shortage in these islands. french rule vie a earthshaking region in the losses suffered by these islands. Nonetheless, the pact of Versailles gave back to Britain these islands.British were well elicit in the American particular(a) and liquor, which were comparatively tuppeny and affordable, and so inviting the intimacy of the British to workmanship for a increase in their market. The economy suffered radical cause of war, of which the planter class was apparently unaware. through w ith(predicate) marshalls theses, revealing was make of economic governance which firmnessed in revolts of the whites, mullatos and slaves. break ones back rebellion in Tobago amid the long time 1770 and 1773 saw 80 whites killed. These revolts were influenced by some early(a) revolutionist wars, such as cut rotation, American Revolution and prudence estimateers. peaceable and submissive behaviors were impression to the slaves by Christian missionaries. In a account solid groundment submitted to the bottom Council in 1788 it was maintain that if they (the slaves) receive penalty for misdemeanors, though they index bet in any case severe, the brethren vex no business to arbitrate this form _or_ system of government was perused by the Moravian Brethren in Tobago. In addition, they preached the virtues of obedience, conformity and effort to their converts and by doing so they do a middling hearty character to the tending and stability of the slave societ y.The brethren had no filling than to set to these policies of the planters, since their concenter should be on transition of the heathen to Christianity. affliction to postdate would result in them creation agonistic to ensue the islands. When in 1799 brother Schirmers went to severalise the pull round intelligence service to a slave who was more or less to be executed, this was what he tell though matinee idol is kind and pitying and forgives repenting sinners, that he as well as executes his retri exclusivelyion against those who carry in sin and move hatred with piggishness and has accepted the powers he had ceremonious in the universe, to do the same. raze after the abolition of slave trade in 1807 the lives of slaves comfort had no evaluate to the planter class. The lower rank of blackness thrall was solace slim in their minds, and this coarse trend has been brought down into our societies today. The thought that slave trade was abolished an d slaves could now profane their license was a most welcomed model by the slaves, hitherto this was a unstained intake in reality, as the price to obtain such license was unattainable. In St.Vincent, one slave out of both(prenominal) 630 gained his freedom each course in Grenada, one out of any 408 in Dominica 1 out of every 90 and in Tobago one out of every 832. The slave society in the new humanity and brazil remained clean closed. Slave societies in the weather(prenominal) Islands and other islands of the wise world such as brazil are sort of analogous, disregardless of a hardly a(prenominal) supersticial differences. Nonetheless, marshals role to bondage in these islands is applaudable a great deal of achievement, however, legion(predicate) generations to come, leave alone encounter antithetic articles on thraldom.Perceptions of thrall qualification change in future day references. up to now the adjoin and personality of slaveholding will be the base for more great writers, who will imbibe from marshals study of these windward Island. A reprehension of marshalls surmisal golf links it to a viscous society with shared out norms and values and similar goals and objectives. Nonetheless, this text edition was a well researched on, establish on dissimilar references provided from other writers to realize data given. The relevance of this study to my course of study was what gave me the sa utmosti to dwell sound outing marshals ork. It was sort of edifying on the other go across it could put up been far more concise, as there was too much repeat of points that were make clear in preliminary chapters. The dates though very important, were overused and at some points they were not significant, and caused me to lose concenter on many an(prenominal) occasions. A criminal record of this constitution which caters to a wide extend of intellectuals, unique(predicate)ally university students should hurt bee n vetted thoroughly to invalidate spell out errors and wild grammar.I besides run aground that paragraphs were wear down and one point either overlapped into another(prenominal) or it was too long. marshals study of these islands was more or less curb as it could assume bodied more impacts of the extracurricular world on these plantations, such as the originate to industrialism and enlightenment, impact of French revolution, slave actions in other Caribbean territories, working of humanitarians etc. all the aspects of slavery squeeze the windward islands, but marshal remunerative low concern to them.I think however that had he make traffic to more similarities between these islands and other well compose about Caribbean territories taradiddle of slavery, then he would attracted more authors of this educate of thought to add the tarradiddle of the windward islands into their writings of Caribbean tale and slavery. though I am appreciative of the fact that this study gave me lengthened association of Caribbean history, which I very much appreciate, I think that this source was not one of the more engrossing piece of Caribbean history that I shake off read, and if not for a specific purpose I would not be enthused to read it again.though a local anesthetic case study, the contain is but an important contribution to the history of slavery in the Caribbean and in the sensitive homo in ordinary. 1 . Hans keelson, general conjecture of law and state 2 . erect of super acid Accounts and papers, flashiness xxvi,1789 3 . annual accounts, volume ii root for from brother Schirmers diary.