Effects of Drug Abuse on Adolescents

Effects of Drug Abuse on Adolescents Drug Abuse: A Calamitous future of teenagers Introduction Every year, at a quickening rate, social progressions determined by engineering impacts us individually as well as our family, group, city, country, and the world. What does this need to do with Drug use and/or misuse? Exactly as gadgets persistently develop, drug use takes after comparable way of development. Individuals in the public arena use drugs to adapt to the pressure exuding from the social change, other get dependent by sitting in drug abusing society, number of them get impact by media, and the vast majority of them get compulsion by modeling their guardians (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, .2012). Ideally the age in which medical science emphasize on taking a healthy diet for proper nourishment of blood and bones, teenagers get indulge voluntarily or involuntarily in drug abusing habits. Besides its harsh effect on individual’s psychological and physiological health, it is the matter of the whole nation like our developing country Pakistan in which teenagers are expected to be extraordinary responsible for the well being and upcoming back bone of the nation. Drug use has been distinguished as a significant open wellbeing issue in Pakistan. As indicated by a review in 2005, there are around 3.5 million drug abusers, and the numbers are rapidly increasing at a yearly rate of 7%. From one of the overview of drug abusers among distinctive age group, 22.4 % of youngsters were included in drug abuse (Ali et al,. (2011). The drug abuser may expect or see the significance of Drug use as the accomplishment of pleasurable sentiments, expanded social associations (diminished restr aint), physical progressions or evasion of withdrawal manifestations in somebody who is reliant on drug and modification of their mental condition to a more attractive state (idealism). Body: As far as open wellbeing, teenagers substance utilization issue has broad social and financial implications. The various unfriendly results connected with high school drinking and substance utilization issue incorporate deadly and nonfatal wounds from drug and alcohol related vehicle accidents, crimes, suicides, dangerous sexual practices, savagery, and psychiatric issue. The most common drugs which are used by teenagers in Pakistan are, Cocaine, alcohol, smoking, cannabis, barbiturates, heroin and ecstasy (Ali et al., 2011). According to National Institute on Drug Abuse (2013), Some of the effects which drugs cause on physiological and mental health are Increased tactile recognition; euphoria, consideration, judgment, coordination and equalization, expanded heart rate, expanded ravenousness schizophreniform issue, impeded transient memory, bronchitis, magnified tachycardia and impact on circulatory system, intensified hindrance of cognitive, psychomotor, and driving execution, Irrit ability, Chronic cough, odd bad dreams, and tension, Euphoria, dry mouth, warm flushing of skin, substantial feeling in furthest points, interchange attentive and sleepy states, sickness, tingling, discouraged breath, lung and upper aviation route carcinoma is undetermined. A 17 year old male patient was admitted in ward under treatment of lungs tumor, upon taking history, he revealed that he was a chronic smoker and using cannabis since 12 years of age, on further investigation on drug addiction he declared the reason of addiction was his father who was a chain smoker as well as a chronic alcoholic abuser. Moreover his acquaintances were also involved in smoking and alcohol consummating behaviors. The family and companion gathering have been recognized as two of the most essential components in understanding immature substance use. Parental impacts have likewise been discovered to be noteworthy indicators of teenager tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, counting the way of parental supe rvision and observing (David. 2005). Most of the time parents get so busy in their official and house chores that they could not be able to give proper attention and care to their children which can bring a wide gap between parent child relation and the child ultimately get prone to vulnerable society. Most of the teenagers indulge in drug abusing behaviors due to feeling of inferiority. For improvement in self esteem some low self esteemed teenagers starts using drugs, which describes that depressive symptomology initiates drugs use (Eva et al., 1987). Teenagers are getting victim of drug abuse globally. According to Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, (2012) the current illegal drug use in United states were: 9.8% in the West, 8.2% in the Northeast, 7.1% in the South and 7.6% in the Midwest. Seeing smoking in movies can just increase the risks three times more that an immature will have a go at smoking. In an investigation of New England youths, the individuals who saw the most meas ure of smoking in motion pictures were 2.7 times more prone to have a go at smoking contrasted with the individuals who saw the slightest measure of smoking. (Dalton et al., 2003). Recommendations: Teenage is a time period where a preschooler enters into social world and physiologically and psychologically changes occurs. As we understand that family structure is a significant predictor of adolescent substance use, even after controlling for family process variables and other factors. Some of the points of considerations are that when a child enters into pubertal stage they must be approached differently than elder adults considering their understanding and mental level. Individual teaching to friends and family, nursing campaigns for awareness of consequences of drugs, community level workshops, use of social media like news, radio, television an internet and organizing different teenage related health Programs should be take into account. Moreover, for treatment of adolescents in hospital settings and in community, we as a nurse must also need to be cautious about ethnicity, gender, stage of readiness to change, cultural background and disability status. Programs should be sh ape in a way that involves the teenager’s family due to its conceivable part in the roots of the issue and its significance as an agent of progress in the teenager’s environment. Negative effect of social media, poor attention of parents, and drug abusing society are the fundamental issues for spoiling teenagers and ruining their personal future as well as demoralizing the character of the nation globally. We all should bring hands together to vanish the burning issues from the society to live a healthy life. References Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (1999). Treatment of adolescents with substance use disorders. Ali, H., Bushra, R., Aslam, N. (2011). Profile of drug users in Karachi city, Pakistan.EMHJ,17(1). E Y Deykin,J C Levy, andV Wells. Adolescent depression, alcohol and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health February 1987: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 178-182. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.77.2.178 Wakefield, M., Flay, B., Nichter, M., Giovino, G. (2003). Role of the media in influencing trajectories of youth smoking.Addiction,98(s1), 79-103. Eitle, D. (2005). The moderating effects of peer substance use on the family structure–adolescent substance use association: Quantity versus quality of parenting.Addictive behaviors,30(5), 963-980. ROZI, S. y AKHTAR, S..Prevalence and predictors of smokeless tobacco use among high-school males in Karachi, Pakistan.East. Mediterr. health j.[online]. 2007, vol.13, n.4, pp. 916-924. ISSN 1020-3397. Hanson,G.R., Venturelli,P.J., Fleckenstein,A.E. (2012).DRUGS AND SOCIETY(11thed.). Burlington, U.S: Jones Bartlett. Dalton,M.A., Sargent,J.D., Beach,M.L., Titus-Ernstoff,L., Gibson,J.J., Ahrens,M.B., . . . Heatherton,T.F. (2003). Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: a cohort study.Lancet,362(9380). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13970-0 Health Effects | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/commonly-abused-drugs/health-effects

Nucor Case

NUCOR MEMORANDUM To: F. Kenneth Iverson and Management Team of Nucor Corporation CC: AGSM Faculty Teams Subject: Investment Decision Date: 04/22/2009 From: 1713898 The Situation In 1986, flat sheet segment contained 52% of US total steel market1. Nucor Corporation, which is a steel minimill well-known for its leadership, efficient operation and well-structured compensation, is showing the interest in the flat sheet segment. At the same time, there are many new thin-slab casting technologies to help minimills enter the new market quickly and cost-efficiently. One of them is from German firm, SMS Schloemann-Siemag, who has consistently introduced its unique technology, Compact Strip Production (CSP), to Nucor. As the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Nucor, F. Kenneth Iverson has to make a decision on whether Nucor should go for CSP plant developed by SMS. The Issue The most salient issue than concerns Nucor and its management team right now is – What is the best strategy for Nucor to target the flat sheet segment? Alternatives 1. Go for CSP plant: Obviously, the most important reason for Nucor to buy CSP technology is that Nucor could take advantage of the huge opportunity of entering flat-sheet market. As the pioneer of CSP application, Nucor would have 2 to 3 years head start to utilize its technology advantage in order to secure a desired market share. Consequently, CSP will help Nucor to achieve its long-term vision: to target the high end of flat-sheet market. The competition of the low end of flatsheet market is increasing due to the interest of many minimills and the low price products of overseas competitors. Aiming at the high end segment is a wise strategy because the high end segment is expected to bring more profits and help Nucor to grow consistently in future. 1 Exhibit 2 – Steel Mill Product Segments: 1986, page 15 of the case 1 However, going for CSP plant option exposes many disadvantages as well. First of all, without expertise in flat-sheet products, Nucor will be not in a good position to compete fairly to expert players. Subsequently, Nucor will face difficulties in new plant operation and possibly be outpaced by integrated mills adopting CSP. Secondly, the resource constraints will not favor CSP. Sharing resources between CSP and the joint venture with Yamato Kogyo might bring in a risk of not enough capital or even worse, bankruptcy. Last but not least, uncertainty of technology is another major concern. The possibility of new plant’s obsoleteness is there and Nucor clearly does not want to pay a huge sunk cost just because it is the pioneer. 2. Not to go for CSP plant: By not going for CSP, Nucor can apply wait-and-see strategy. It allows Nucor more time to watchfully define the target market and wait for a matured and proven thin-slab casting technology. By that, Nucor will be able to avoid a huge sunk cost. Next, Nucor could utilize the resource on the joint venture with Yamato Kogyo. Hence, the risk of capital shortness will be eliminated. In the other hand, Nucor will let go a significant opportunity to capture some shares of flat-sheet market. It might not affect Nucor in short-term. However, in the long-term, assuming many steel producers adopting successfully CSP or other thin-slab casting technologies, Nucor will be pushed to a bad position to compete over. Also, it will take even more time and resource for Nucor to catch up. Recommendation The first alternative is strongly recommended because of the following three reasons. First, even though money is an issue, it is not a big issue for Nucor. With $185 million in cash and short-term securities on hand together with the ability to issue corporate longterm bond2, Nucor is completed able to fund CSP with a strict financial management. Secondly, CSP project is showing a good cashflow even in the case of CSP’s obsoleteness. Assuming that new CSP plant is operating at 100% capacity or 1 million ton per year, Nucor will get hold of 2. 76% of flat sheet market3, which is reasonable. From a simple projection4, new CSP plant is showing a positive cashflow with NPV = $141. 55 mil, IRR = 19%, and payback period = 4. 34 years. Thirdly, the argument that Nucor should not go to flat-sheet market because of its lacking experience is not convincing. Unless Nucor does not want to enter flat-sheet market, the earlier Nucor enter flat-sheet market, the faster it will learn and the better it will sustain in future. Second-last paragraph, page 14 of the case Appendix 3 4 Appendix 4 2 3 2 Appendices 1. SWOT analysis Strengths Leadership Efficient operation Well-structured compensation Culture Weakness Resource constraint No experience in flat sheet product Opportunities Enter flat sheet market Pioneer in thin-slab casting technology Threats Uncertainty about technology Competition, possibly be outpaced by integrated mills adopting CSP . Porter five forces analysis5 The threat of substitute products – buyer propensity to substitute – relative price performance of substitutes – buyer switching costs – perceived level of product differentiation The threat of the entry of new competitors – Existence of barriers to entry (patents, right, etc. ) – economies of product differences – brand equi ty – switching cost or sunk cost – capital requirements – access to distribution – absolute cost advantages – learning curve advantages – expected retaliation by incumbents – government policies The intensity of competitive rivalry 5 MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM HIGH MODERATELY HIGH LOW LOW http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysis 3 numbers of competitors rate of industry growth intermittent industry overcapacity exit barriers diversity of competitors informational complexity and asymmetry – fixed cost allocation per value added – level of advertising expense – Economies of scale – sustainable competitive advantage through improvisation The bargaining power of customers – buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio – degree of dependency upon existing channels of istribution – bargaining leverage – buyer volume – buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs – buyer information availability – ability to backward integrate – availability of existing substitute products – buyer price sensitivity – differential advantage (uniqueness) of industry prod ucts – RFM (Regency + Frequency + Monetary Value) analysis The bargaining power of suppliers – supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs – degree of differentiation of inputs – presence of substitute inputs – supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio – employee solidarity (e. . labor unions) – threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms – cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product – MEDIUM MEDIUM – HIGH MEDIUM LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM – MEDIUM 4 3. Estimation of market share of a full capacity CSP plant Total flat sheet segment 36. 6 CSP full capacity 17 Market share of Nucor's CSP plant with 100% capacity 2. 76% Unit: millions of ton 4. CSP plant’s cash flow with assumption: discount rate = 10%, constant cashflow Cashflow per year Total Cost per ton8 8 Revenues per ton Profit per ton Shipment (millions of ton)7 Total Profit per year Hot-rolled (HR) 225 306. 5 81. 5 0. 5 40,750,000. 00 Cold-rolled (CR) 283 390. 5 107. 5 0. 35 37,625,000. 00 Both HR & CR 78,375,000. 00 Cashflow in 10-year opportunity window Discount rate Year Cashflow 10% 0 -340 Unit 1 78. 37 2 78. 37 3 78. 37 4 78. 37 5 78. 37 6 78. 37 7 78. 37 8 78. 37 9 78. 37 $ mil 10 78. 37 NPV IRR Payback period 141. 55 19% 4. 34 $ mil year 6 Exhibit 2 – Steel Mill Product Segments: 1986, page 15 of the case Exhibit 12A – Construction Costs for Flat-Rolled Product Plants: 1986, page 22 of the case 8 Exhibit 12B – Comparative Operating Data for Flat-Rolled Product Plants: 1986, page 22 of the case 7 5 Nucor Case NUCOR CASE In this analysis we use the Net present value to consider if Nucor should invest in the new technology called: thin slab minimill. NPV is really useful in order to make this kind of decision because it uses the concept of future cash value to evaluate whether the investment is worth, however the NPV is sometimes difficult to calculate because it is not always easy to estimate future cash flow.Considering the assumption I made in the first part of the spread sheet, the thin slab project doesn’t appear to be a wise investment for Nucor because the future cash flows at the present value are less than the initial cost of the investment. Comparing the NPV of the three different scenarios it is evident that the best option for Iverson is to continue whit the unmodernized process. The first consideration about to undertake the investment is based on particular assumptions about the future, if we change those the result of the decision could also change.Due to the fluctuati on of the market is difficult to make the right assumptions and this is why to calculate the NPV is not easy. For instance if we changed the discount rate and we lower it below the IRR, the resulting NPV will be positive and this case to invest in the new technology could be a profitable decision. We can also change the steel price rate keeping the cost rate constant, if it is increased enough the NPV could result positive, at the same time if we reduce cost rate keeping the price rate constant we can find an equal result.Regarding the real option analysis if Nucor decides to wait it is unlikely that another will decide to make this kind of investment first. The follow strategy could be a wise decision for Nucor, because the NPV is slightly negative so the management could decide to undertake this investment in order to gain experience and subsequently use that experience for other plants so this initial price could generate future opportunities.

Book Report Definition, Guidelines, and Advice

A book report is a  written composition or oral presentation that describes, summarizes, and (often, but not always) evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction. As Sharon Kingen points out below, a book report is primarily a school exercise, a means of determining whether or not a student has read a book (Teaching Language Arts in Middle Schools, 2000). Characteristics of a Book Report Book reports generally follow a basic format that includes the following information: the title of the book and its year of publicationthe name of the authorthe genre (type or category) of the book (for example, biography, autobiography, or fiction)the main subject, plot, or theme of the booka brief summary of the key points or ideas treated in the bookthe readers response to the book, identifying its apparent strengths and weaknessesbrief quotations from the book to support general observations Examples and Observations A book report is a way for you to let others know about a book you have read. A good book report will help others decide whether they want to read the book or not.(Ann McCallum, William Strong, and Tina Thoburn, Language Arts Today. McGraw-Hill, 1998)Contrasting Views on Book Reports-  Keep in mind always that a book report is a hybrid, part fact and part fancy. It gives hard information about the book, yet it is your own creation, giving your opinion and judgment of it.(Elvin Ables, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology. Varsity, 1987)- Your instructor may occasionally assign a book report. A book report is to be sharply distinguished from a research paper, for it deals with one book in its entirety—not with certain aspects of several books and documents . . .. The book report is also to be clearly distinguished from a book review or a critical essay, for it merely reports on a book without undertaking to compare it with other books or to pass judgment on its value.(Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Modern Rhetoric. Harcourt, 1972)- A book report is a summary of the contents, plot, or thesis of a particular book, . . . preceded by a full bibliographical citation. The writer of a book report is not required to evaluate the author, although he oftentimes does so.(Donald V. Gawronski, History: Meaning and Method. Sernoll, 1967)Quick TipsIll give you some tips on how to write a good book report right now.Tell the name of the book. Tell the name of the author. The Wizard of Oz was written by L. Frank Baum.Tell if you think hes a good writer. Tell the names of all the characters in the book. Tell what they did. Tell where they went. Tell who they were looking for. Tell what they finally found. Tell how they treated each other. Tell about their feelings.Tell that you read some to your sister. Tell that she liked it.Read some to a friend. Then you can even tell that your friend liked it.(Mindy Warshaw Skolsky, Love From Your Friend, Hannah. HarperCollins , 1999)Problems Associated With Book ReportsTypically a book report is a means of determining whether or not a student has read a book. Some teachers also consider these reports as a major part of their composition program. However, there are several problems associated with book reports. First, students can generally find out enough about a book to write a report without actually reading it. Second, book reports tend to be boring to write and boring to read. The writing is usually uninspired because students have no ownership of the task and no commitment to it. Furthermore, book reports are not real-world writing tasks. Only students write book reports.(Sharon Kingen, Teaching Language Arts in Middle Schools: Connecting and Communicating. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000)The Lighter Side of Book ReportsI took a speed-reading course and read War and Peace in 20 minutes. It involves Russia.(Woody Allen)

Frederic Henrys Traumas and Pain in A Farewell to Arms - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1898 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Farewell to Arms Essay Did you like this example? As we know, PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, which is warfare for Frederic Henry in this novel. In A Farewell to Arms, Frederic Henrys trauma and general breakdown in his life can best be understood in terms of PTSD, because it explains: his self-doubts and depression; his detachment from the other characters; and his inability to help himself. Throughout the novel, Frederics recollections show various catalysts for PTSD. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Frederic Henrys Traumas and Pain in A Farewell to Arms" essay for you Create order Even though Frederic tries to keep calm and forgot about the memories about the past which he suffered in the war, there are certain details flashback into his mind. Frederic Henry has been suffering with a condition of traumatized while he describe the story. Frederic constantly changes his identity because some shocked incidents he experienced such as the death of his wife, Catherine, died when she gave a birth and witnessing of terrible scenes during the war. Frederic describes he is tormented by a series of traumas because he participates in the Great War. Through Frederics experiences, seen through the current description of PTSD, the reader has a deeper understanding of the negative effects of war on the individual. Frederic does not only receive physical wounds but he also memorized which he experienced in the war. Frederic indicates at least three occasions which makes him mentally scared and these contribute to his self-doubts later. Frederic witness a lot death of his comrades, after the first battle is, I sat up straight and as I did so something inside my head moved like the weights on a dolls eyes and it hit me inside in back of my eyeballs. (Ernest Hemingway: P59) Frederic reveals his inner thoughts when he is looking at the dead body of his ally. Frederic must think of it a lot he can still keep such a deep memory for this particular scene, therefore suggesting he is traumatized from the terrible events that he has experienced and lived through. Frederic can also be suspected to be affected from the way he portrays how the dead bodies were treated. The drops fell very slowly, as they fall from an icicle after the sun has gone. (Ernest Hemingway: P66) After being recovered from the battl e, it is clear that Frederics mind changed a lot, but he has to see soldiers stepping the dead soldiers body like garbage bags. This traumatize Frederics mind, as no one can keep calm while their dead friends bodies are being thrown out onto the roads, but Frederic shows no immediate react. He does not wish to recall the gruesome image which suggests that the entire ordeal still haunts him. Frederic proves how traumatized he is from the war as he is describing the shelling, and the series of bombings which is a tactic used during World War I that caused the condition he still has to this day .You saw the flash, then heard the crack, then saw the smoke distort and thin in the wind (Ernest Hemingway: P197) Frederic is good at describing the characteristics of these bombings, yet he never mentions either how unendurable the loud sounds are, or the gruesome scenes of soldiers torn up by the splashing bombs. Both things which are constantly mentioned by others when describing shelling. F rom his style of narration Frederic is not one who hides the bloody scenes found in a battle. If he does not mention it, Frederic must be still terrified of the shelling and does not want to provoke this particular memory within his mind while narrating. His use of this particular defensive technique of shutting down memories is caution from suffers of severe traumas, and it is clearly shown that Frederic received it from his experiences during the Great War. All of these examples lead to for the conclusion that Frederic is shell shocked during World War I, and the condition still haunts him while he narrates. These scars from war do not stand alone, as his constant change of identities which baffles him of who he truly is eventually causes permanent damage to his mind that inflicts just as much pain as war traumas. Frederics constant change of identity scars him mentally and leads him to feel detached from the events taking place around him. The war causes so much change for him, which is also a part shows his PTSD symptoms, and he goes through at least two dramatic change: from being a soldier to a normal civilian, from being a free man to a wanted criminal. Frederics long experience in the army causes him to forget how to be a normal civilian, which impacts him psychologically. In civilian clothes I felt a masquerader. I had been in uniform a long time and I missed the feeling of being held by your clothes. (Ernest Hemingway: P260) Frederic had been so involved in the war he had become part of it, and once he stopped being surrounded by soldiers and guns, he suddenly felt lost. As if he does not fit in a civilized society to such an extent that even normal clothes feel odd on him. When Frederic narrates this scene, he can still remember this strong feeling, which could suggest he still carrie s that feeling while he is narrating, which can be a sign of the aftermath of serve experiences. If a person constantly feels as if he does not belong to where he is it may cause of low self-esteem and other side effects from. Frederics second change of identity happened even faster than the first one, as he transforms from a free man to a wanted criminal in less than a day. I dressed hearing the rain on the windows. I did not have much to put in my bag. (Ernest Hemingway: P284) This sudden change can certainly provoke symptoms of depression within Frederic, as it has been only a few days since he was a proud soldier, and now he is wanted by the army. Frederic is lost, he does not know where he is heading, both in physically and mentally. The rain on the windows is potentially symbolism used by the traumatized Frederic as he is narrating, for when he looks back at that particular moment, he is leaving the place that shields him from all the rain, which also can be seen as danger and trouble. Frederics constant changes of identity continue to torment him when Catherine dies. I went into the room and stayed with Catherine until she diedit did not take her very long to die. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) This is the last and fastest transition Frederic goes through in A Farewell to Arms, and undoubtedly the most painful. From being a father-to-be to suddenly a widower in less than a day, Frederic must hav e been very confused. It is safe to assume Frederic will be afraid to face any changes in the future, as all the alterations he encountered within the book are always more shocking and negative than the previous, ergo he is traumatized by all the turmoil he receives while going through all three life changing events within A Farewell to Arms. While Frederic is narrating all these events, his loss of emotions proves that he is still suffering from the aftermath from all the changes he has gone through. Not only does the death of Catherine alter Frederics identity in life, it is also a huge traumatization for him that still frightens him while he narrates. Frederic also is narrating while under traumatized by conditions partially due to the death of Catherine. He is mentally injured from this incident because of how he viewed Catherines dead body, his loss of reason and his reaction to Catherines death. Before leaving the hospital, Frederic says goodbye to Catherines body, and the way he described the interaction is crucial to the reason why Frederic is permanently traumatized from the death of Catherine. It was like saying goodbye to a statue (Ernest Hemingway: P355) Frederic loved Catherine, a fact he cannot stress enough. The final farewell towards Catherines body is an emotional event, yet when Frederic describes the scene he never mentions any thoughts that passes through his mind, and even more by saying it was like saying goodbye to a statue Frederic means he carries no feelings toward Catherines body. This is a sign of mental trauma because Frederic has been through so much torment throughout the war, he no longer feels anythin g about death. The numbness he carries while narrating this scene is a symptom of shell shock, which is why Frederic narrates while being in a traumatic condition. Frederics damaged mind is revealed from his immediate loss of common sense after the death of Catherine. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) Frederic did not have to walk through the rain. He was allowed to stay in the hospital and spend some time with Catherines body until the rain passed. From his actions it seems as he just wanted to go back to the last spothe and Catherine were together. The moment he walks into the rain, his last bit of sanity is lost, and he fully experiences the last shock that adds to his permanent traumatization that torments him even when he is narrating. Frederic hides all his emotions even while he is narrating. No, I said. Theres nothing to say. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) Frederic explains the event of the death of C atherine without any feelings and emotions. Im not brave any more, darling. Im all broken. Theyve broken mw. I know it now. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) This is a sign of denial, which is a defense mechanism that comes from a severe trauma. Frederic is a veteran, so it is common for him to not want to show any weakness, however he does not mention a single word about how sad he is towards Catherine dying, which is unnatural. The only possible explanation for his behavior is he is highly traumatized and he either voluntarily or involuntarily chooses to close off all his emotions in order to appear to remain calm and sane. The above reasons show why Catherines death plays an important role in the permanent break down of Frederics mind. The trauma is experienced by Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms has left considerable emotional scars that will shape his life and and the symptoms still haunts him when he is narrating the story. This can be seen from the way he describes his war experiences, the way he hides his emotions when going through the major events in the story and the way he loses common sense after Catherines death. However, he is helpless in understanding how this will affect him and he innocently that by simply returning to his homeland he can put all their behind him. This is not only his illusion but that he held by everyone else to at that time. In conclusion, when Frederic narrates the scenes of A Farewell to Arms, the recollections that he is bringing up still hurt him mentally as he suffers permanent traumatization from during the war, while he is going through the important memories and after Catherines death. Reference: Hecht, Ben, and Ernest Hemingway. A Farewell to Arms: Screenplay. 1957.